Introduction:
Human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated cancers remain a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the success of prophylactic vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccine strategies for established disease have shown limited clinical efficacy, largely due to insufficient immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Innovative vaccine platforms capable of inducing robust and durable anti-tumour immunity are urgently needed.
Aim:
This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a novel, non-living bacterial membrane–derived immunotherapeutic platform designed to enhance antigen delivery and immune activation in vitro. Assess the preclinical efficacy of the prepared vaccine in a lung cancer animal model.
Methods:
A bacterial membrane–based platform was prepared in-vitro and immune activation was evaluated using molecular techniques and cell-culture analysis. The successful vaccine was assessed using a preclinical lung cancer model relevant to HPV-driven tumor. Immune activation, tumour-associated immune modulation, and safety-related parameters were evaluated using clinically relevant immunological and cellular endpoints. The study design emphasized translational feasibility and applicability to future vaccine development.
Results:
The platform elicited strong immune activation characterized by enhanced antigen-specific responses and favorable modulation of the tumour immune microenvironment. Consistent trends toward improved tumour control and immune cell infiltration were observed compared with conventional approaches. Importantly, the platform demonstrated a favorable safety profile and features compatible with scalable vaccine development.
Conclusion:
These findings highlight the potential of bacterial membrane–derived immunotherapeutic platforms as a promising strategy for therapeutic vaccination against HPV-associated cancers. This approach offers a versatile and translationally relevant framework for next-generation cancer vaccines, supporting further development and clinical translation.