Poster Presentation Asia-Pacific Vaccine and Immunotherapy Congress 2026

Whole Blood Assay Detection of Virus-Specific T Cell Responses in a Nipah Outbreak–Affected Community Cohort 28 Years Post-Infection (#128)

Yvonne Jing Mei Liew 1 2 , Xue Li Tan 2 , Anthony Tanoto Tan 1 , Nina Le Bert 1 , Antonio Bertoletti 1
  1. Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
  2. Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

While measurement of pathogen-specific antibodies is a routine test in different infections, pathogen-specific T cells characterisation is rarely performed due to the perceived complexity of the analysis. We tested here whether a simple assay that utilises whole blood and peptides covering nucleoprotein of Henipaviruses can be utilised to detect memory Henipavirus-specific T cells in a population affected by a Nipah outbreak almost 30 years ago. Whole blood samples were collected from individuals in Kampung Sungai Nipah, a village affected by a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in 1998. Fresh samples were stimulated with nucleoprotein (NP) peptide pools derived from NiV, Hendra virus (HeV), Mojang virus (MojV) and Langya virus (LangV). Both conserved and virus-specific NP peptide pools were assessed. IFN-γ and IL-2 concentrations were quantified following stimulation, with DMSO and unstimulated media included as controls. Comparative analyses were conducted across cohorts with differing exposure histories: NiV survivors (n=5), individuals with plausible exposure (n=19), and confirmed non-exposed individuals (n=6). Whole blood stimulation with NiV NP peptide pools elicited measurable IFN-γ and IL-2 responses in all survivors. In exposed and non-exposed donors, NiV NP-mediated cytokine release was rarely detected. Peptide pools covering virus-species-specific NP sequences for MojV, LangV, HeV, and NiV revealed strong cytokine responses exclusively to NiV-specific peptides in the survivor cohort, while responses to other virus-specific NP pools were generally low. Minimal cytokine production was observed in DMSO and unstimulated controls. The whole blood assay is able to detect T-cell cytokine responses to NiV NP antigens nearly three decades after infection, demonstrating the ability of this assay to study virus-specific T-cell cytokine responses in community-based and field settings. The predominance of IL-2 release suggests preserved proliferative potential of NiV-specific memory T cells, supporting future epitope mapping efforts.